Effects Of Incarceration On The Correctional System

Effectiveness Of Incarceration By: Kyle McManigal Kyle McManigal Mr. Brian Burke February 18, 2013 English 101 Effectiveness of Imprisonment A person who is incarcerated is being held in confinement in an institution, usually because he is suspected of, or convicted of committing a crime (Edwards). The rates of incarceration are rising every year, which causes many questions concerning the effects that incarceration has on criminals. There’s an argument that imprisonment does not do most criminals any good, and that they simply receive a slap on the hand before returning to society to commit more crimes. They gain the information and contacts of other inmates, which just ensures the law breaker to continue his path. The†¦show more content†¦There’s another group of institutions that don’t seem to have any effect on any offender, whether first time, or repeat. These facilities tend to be the more lenient ones. Where cable is widely distributed, the food is slightly better, and the facility better maintained with air conditioning and single man showers. These jails have what you call regulars. People who don’t mind a couple nights in Jail, or they have become institutionalized and don’t see another option. These sorts of Jails breed criminals. It allows inmates to socialize between other inmates, make contacts, and get more knowledgeable about gangs, and possibly crimes (Keith). Many of these Jails are called Hardening Posts (Krestev). The population go in as criminals, and come out of what are call â€Å"Super Criminals†. These convicts tend to commit more severe crimes, and the trend is not good with the chance of them returning back to prison. Many politicians use this as an argument to cause heavier sentences, and to fight for life in prison. However, this causes the law breaker to feel isolated, and will force him to become institutionalized, and when he is actually released, he/she is more susceptible to extremely violent crimes, which many surveys have specifically named Rape and

Ancient And Early Modern Societies - 1145 Words

Haylee Ferguson Professor Seaman History 4 27 November 2016 Ancient and Early-Modern Societies Mesopotamia, China, Aryan India, and early- modern Europe are all different when it comes to the way they live. Mesopotamia is known to be the â€Å"land between the Tigris and Euphrates river†, according to the Greek meaning. In Mesopotamia there is four primary categories of people. First is the nobles, second is the free clients who worked the lands, third is the commoners who owned their own land, and lastly is the slaves who were prisoners of war. Mesopotamia was the first civilization in history to create a detailed legal system. This system is called the code of Hammurabi. The laws differed for different social statuses and the punishments were an eye for an eye. â€Å" If an awilu [craftsmen/laborers] should blind the eye of another awilu, they shall blind his eye.† (Milestone Documents, Mesopotamia: â€Å"Code of Hammurabi Short Version†) This punishment comes from the context of the Talion Laws and it states that the action done by the person, the punishment should be on the same level as the action. These laws were written on Diorite Stela which is a hard black stone and written in the language Akkadian. This language was spoken throughout Mesopotamia. Specifically there is 282 laws but they were quickly destroyed by king Shutruk Nahhunte. A Mesopotamian religion is different than your typical religion. Their religion focuses on different aspects of a life. For exampleShow MoreRelatedAncient Roman Civilization And Modern Times936 Words   |  4 PagesThe ancient Roman civilization had many enduring contributions to modern times. 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Though the book “A Man without a Country” Free Essays

Though the book â€Å"A Man without a Country† is written in funny way, it has a serious message for those who are concerned about humanity in general and America in particular. It intimately expresses the author’s deep anguish at the prevailing situation in the United States despising the Bush administration and its policies. Kurt Vonnegut in his own kidding and humorous style strongly condemns the Americans’ lust for oil. We will write a custom essay sample on Though the book â€Å"A Man without a Country† or any similar topic only for you Order Now He laments at the inhuman administration that has dehumanized millions of people in the name of race and religion. He criticizes the unthinking and uncaring attitude of people in damaging the environment. He is not quite hopeful of a great future for the coming generations given the indifferent and reckless attitude of the present people. He says, â€Å"I know of very few people who are dreaming of a world for their grandchildren†. Using humor as a physiological response to the fear, he expresses his deep concern for the future generations and his total disregard for the people who are in the positions of power causing loss to people and to the green earth. He strongly advocates that everyone should save his own and others’ lives and be honorable. The title of the Book A Man without a Country, with the sub-title â€Å"A Memoir of Life in George W Bush’s America† is a collection of small essays, speeches and interviews despising the Bush administration. Fitting the definition of a memoir, the book comments on the incidents happened during administration of famous personality President Bush. The author calls himself a man without a country except for the librarians as he is quite disgusted with the present day Americans who present themselves as proud and pitiless war lovers. It is clear that he does not like to be associated with people who have dehumanized millions and millions of human beings in the name of religion and race. The book consists of intimate and informal conversations of an eighty year old man about the affairs of the day urging the people to save themselves and the earth and to be honorable. How to cite Though the book â€Å"A Man without a Country†, Papers

Associated Uncertainties Banking Practices -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Associated Uncertainties Banking Practices? Answer: Introducation Operational risk is that likelihood of loss established by unsuccessful/insufficient internal processes, systems, people or outdoor considerations like legal risk. Thus, operational risk weighted assets denote the assets amount the reserved by the bank to bar damage where there is banks exposure this risk. This risk is managed via the application of Basic Indicator Approach according to Basel II guidelines about the measurement of operational risk. Here, the operational risk weighted asset is computed as the gross income function. The stress is applied in managing this risk by measurement of the influence of feasible damage to physical asset is done. In instance of stressed scenario, the loss of OP is taken be one percent of regulatory capital hence plugged into present OP weighted asset to establish an adverse influence on capital adequacy ratio. Because OP is measured as a gross incomes function in Basic Indicator Approach (BIA), whereby stress testing shock context is employed to this risk in similar manner, the risk amount deceases thereby creating a plus influence on ratio of capital adequacy. Management of this risk is by addition of the damage amount to be assumed in the assets (physical) to legal capital reserved for OP for measuring influence of this damage upon ratio of capital adequacy. Financial Risk Management Financial risk management focuses on such strategies to tackle for example, the likelihood of loss which a bank could become exposed to because of failure of credit customers to meet their obligations of enacted contract and failure to perform such obligations, fully or partially, in the planned timeframe. Thus, the Credit Risk Weighted Assets is used in managing financial risk to denote the amount of assets banks have to reserve to bar damage in case it is exposed to credit risk. Where the credit losses increase in the stressed scenario, the credit risk losses surge and average risk weights remain influenced by worsening classes of risk because of assumed class of risk mitigations. The bank then uses the internal and external loss and default data alongside historical as well as scenario macroeconomic data in predicting effects of prevailing credit portfolios taking into account loss levels and default rates by portfolio and country. This allows the bank to identify a range of parts of portfolio allowing banks to mage this risk more efficiently and effectively. The bank also handles the risk of huge exposures via the stimulation of effects of default by 1 or more of investment grade rating (Rad 2016.). Basel II and How Capital Adequacy and Risk Management are Linked Basel II denotes an array of regulations (international) that Basel Committee has put in place on supervising bank thus levelling the field of global regulation universal guidelines and rules. It extended the rules for requirement of minimum capital created under its predecessor, Basel I, 1st regulatory (international) accord, alongside offered the framework for reviewing regulatory alongside established requirements for disclosure for banks requirements of capital adequacy. The major diversion from Basel I is that the second one has incorporated asset credit risk the financial institution hold in determining capital ratios of regulatory. It is the 2nd global banking regulatory consensus which is anchored on 3 major pillars: regulatory supervision; minimum capital requirement and market discipline. The minimal capital requirement is playing a key part in Base II thereby further obligating each bank to hold a minimal of regulatory capital ratio over risk-weighted assets. Since regulations of banking substantially differed amongst nations prior to inception of Basel consensuses, a universal Basel I framework, and, accordingly, Basel II assisted nations in alleviating anxiety over the regulatory competitiveness as well as drastically different national banks capital requirements. Basel II offers guideline for computing minimum regulatory capital ratios. It further confirms the regulatory capital definition and eight percent minimal co-efficient for the regulatory capital over-weighted assets. It apportions eligible banks regulatory capital in 3 tiers. The greater a tier is, the fewer is securities (subordinated) of bank are permitted to entail in it. Every tier has to be of some minimal % of whole regulatory capital as well as is utilized as the numerator in computing ratios of such regulatory capital (Mascia, Keasey and Vallascas 2016). Tier one capital stays the highly stringent regulatory capital definition which is secondary to each additional capital instruments. It entails shareholder equity, disclosed reserve, earnings retained, and some capital (innovative) instruments. Tier two remains Tier one instruments added to additional reserves of bank, instruments (hybrid) alongside medium run and long-run loans (subordinated). Tier three entails Tier two added to short run loans (subordinated). The other significant portion in Basel Two stays sanitizing risk-weighted assets definition that are utilized as a the ratios of regulatory capital denominator, as well as remain computed by utilizing amount of assets which are subsequently multiplied by corresponding risk weights for every asset kind. The riskier an asset is, higher is the assets weight (Targino, Peters and Shevchenko 2015). The idea of risk-weighted assets is purposed to penalize banks for having assets that are risky that substantially boost risk-weighted assets as well as lowers regulatory ratios of regulatory capital. The major Basel II innovation in contrast to Basel I remains that it considers credit rating of assets when determining risk weights. The higher credit rating is the lower will be the risk weight (Kinateder 2016). Pillar 1 risks remained a key element of banking sector important in measuring capital adequacy ratio as well as determining the performance of the banks under stress. The pillar 1 risk remains key because of the fact that they outline rules by which regulatory capital is determined. Thus, Pillar 1 risks are usable as an indicator in understanding some risks to banks and how to manage them (Roy 2016). The banks are increasingly sensitive to shocks sensitive to shocks proceeded by economic turmoil like a plunge in prices of houses and a surge in bad loans due to the bankruptcy based on capital adequacy ratio and its elements (credit risk, capital, operational and market risk) and a surge in rates of currency (de Jesus Santos, da Silva Macedo and Rodrigues 2014). Relationship between Capital Adequacy and Risk Management As provided for in Basel II, capital adequacy and risk management are interlinked. The foundation for capital adequacy is the need to manage risk in banks. The Pillar risks and Basel II regulations have shown that Basel II remains essential for both surveillance and supervision of banks whereby regulations are established to respond to swift-changing financial contexts. The measurement of concentration risk has been studied and shown that it is essential for regulatory capital in credit portfolios and hence appreciating the significance of assured rules of Basel II (Cummings and Durrani 2016). Basel II has increased capital charges sensitivity and has an effect on lending. Thus, Basel II assists financial institutions like banks to manage high credit levels via their funds from loans and bonds by maintaining capital adequacy requirement. The capital adequacy ratio has led to banks modifying their portfolios into less risk assets instead of heavily weighted risky ones as a strategy to manage risks. The necessary capital amount which must be held by banks under Basel II is arrived at in twofold: borrowers institutional nature alongside borrowers riskiness. Thus, capital adequacy requirements affect the rates of lending in banks hence determining investment as well as output. The change in capital adequacy ratio is determined by the risk the bank is exposed to in order to effectively manage risk (Beltratti and Paladino 2016). Relating to Post-GFC Reforms in Australian Financial Markets The financial institutions in Australia are also operated in a global context, and, hence interact with global entities and have operations in other countries. Thus it would be counterproductive and impracticable for Australia to embrace, go it alone policy, by failing to implement the agreed global reforms. Thus, Australian is interested in adopting high standards in supervising and regulating. The Australian banking system has adopted novel global standards with certain adaptation to domestic conditions. This has included the implementation of the capital adequacy requirement that has helped in risk management during the risk exposure. For this reason, the Australian has strengthened prudential regulatory standards with respect to capital adequacy requirement. The quality and amount of Australian banking sectors capital has considerably surged after GFC as a risks management mechanism. This is because GFC has promoted both regulators and markets and this has helped the Australian banking sector in reappraising their views on the level acceptable and capital forms. Major changes have either been effected or proposed on the prevailing capital regulations. The capital adequacy has been an area of focused to help banks withstand loses without being insolvent thereby managing the risks effectively. Thus, the capital adequacy is being implemented to promote banks resilience and hence the regulations are channeled towards ensuring that adequate capital is available in terms of both capital form and amount that has to be held. Through the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA), the requirement of capital adequacy has been made much stringent based on Basel II. The banks must quantify their credit, operational and market risk with the credit risk given the most focused as it indicates that Australian banks have focused on traditional lending tasks. Therefore, APRA puts it a mandatory for each locally incorporated bank in Australia to hold a minimum capital of 8% of its risk-weighted assets. The bank must have at least 50% of its total capital being better-quality Tier one. This means that a minimum Tier one ratio of 4%. These minima can be increased by APRA for individual bank in case it considers it essential based on the banks risk profile. References Beltratti, A. and Paladino, G., 2016. Basel II and regulatory arbitrage. Evidence from financial crises.Journal of Empirical Finance,39, pp.180-196. Cummings, J.R. and Durrani, K.J., 2016. Effect of the Basel Accord capital requirements on the loan-loss provisioning practices of Australian banks.Journal of Banking Finance,67, pp.23-36. de Jesus Santos, L., da Silva Macedo, M.A. and Rodrigues, A., 2014. Determinants of the disclosure level of the Pillar 3 recommendations of the Basel II Accord in the financial statements of Brazilian financial institutions.Brazilian Business Review,11(1), p.25. Kinateder, H., 2016. Basel II versus IIIA Comparative Assessment of Minimum Capital Requirements for Internal Model Approaches. Mascia, D.V., Keasey, K. and Vallascas, F., 2016. Did Basel II Affect Credit Growth to Corporate Borrowers During the Crisis?. InFinancial Crisis, Bank Behaviour and Credit Crunch(pp. 83-94). Springer, Cham. Rad, A., 2016. Basel II and the associated uncertainties for banking practices.Qualitative Research in Financial Markets,8(3), pp.229-245. Roy, A., 2016. Low RWA but high GNPA? Risk performance of some Indian banks under Basel II-SA.Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions,9(1), pp.85-98. Targino, R.S., Peters, G.W. and Shevchenko, P.V., 2015. Sequential Monte Carlo Samplers for capital allocation under copula-dependent risk models.Insurance: Mathematics and Economics,61, pp.206-226.